Sansa Law Desk

The Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process (CIRP) under the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 (IBC), provides a time-bound mechanism for resolving corporate insolvency in India. This guide explains the different routes available for initiating CIRP, the filing requirements, and the post-admission process. Who Can File a CIRP Application? CIRP can be initiated by three categories of applicants. A financial creditor, such as a bank, NBFC, or bondholder, may file under Secti

An indemnity clause is one of the most important risk allocation mechanisms in commercial contracts. Under Section 124 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872, a contract of indemnity is defined as a contract by which one party promises to save the other from loss caused by the conduct of the promisor or any other person. This guide explains how to draft an effective indemnity clause, the types available, and the key considerations for Indian commercial contracts. Types of Indemnity

Legal due diligence is a critical step before any business acquisition, merger, or investment in India. It involves a systematic review of the target company's legal documents, compliance records, contracts, and litigation history to identify risks and inform the deal structure. This guide outlines the key steps and areas of review for conducting effective legal due diligence. Step 1: Execute a Non-Disclosure Agreement Before accessing any confidential information about the t

The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 (DPDPA) requires every Significant Data Fiduciary (SDF) to appoint a Data Protection Officer (DPO). This guide explains who must appoint a DPO, the qualifications and responsibilities involved, and the step-by-step process for compliance under Section 10 of the Act. Who Must Appoint a DPO? Only organisations that have been officially notified as Significant Data Fiduciaries by the Central Government are required to appoint a DPO.

A Limited Liability Partnership (LLP) combines the flexibility of a partnership with the limited liability protection of a company. It is governed by the Limited Liability Partnership Act, 2008, and is a popular choice for professionals, startups, and small businesses in India. This guide walks you through the step-by-step process of registering an LLP through the Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA) V3 portal in 2026. Step 1: Obtain Digital Signature Certificates (DSC) Every

The Supreme Court on July 9, 2026, indicated that it may refer to a larger bench the question of whether grounds of arrest must mandatorily be supplied in writing to the accused at the time of arrest. The bench of Justices Manoj Misra and Shree Chandrashekhar noted that different Supreme Court benches have delivered conflicting judgments on this fundamental issue of criminal procedure. The Meghalaya Honeymoon Murder Case The issue arose in the context of the State of Meghalay

The Supreme Court on July 9, 2026, in Levitate Mobile Technologies v. Standard Chartered Bank (2026 INSC 674), dismissed an appeal seeking permission for belated production of documents in a commercial suit, holding that the voluminous nature of evidence cannot be used as an excuse to circumvent the strict timelines prescribed under the Commercial Courts Act, 2015. Facts of the Case The dispute arose from an IT Professional Services Agreement entered into in February 2013, un

The Bombay High Court on July 2, 2026, quashed two externment orders issued against Saeed Ahmad Abdul Wahid Chaudhary, the general secretary of the Social Democratic Party of India (SDPI), holding that the right to protest is a fundamental right protected under Articles 19 and 21 of the Constitution. Justice Madhav Jamdar ruled that organising lawful marches, dharnas, and demonstrations against government decisions cannot be grounds for externment under the Maharashtra Police

The Supreme Court on July 9, 2026, in Bejla Oraon v. Kali Das Oraon, held that the Oraon tribal custom of 'ghar damad' (resident son-in-law) does not permit an uncle-in-law to adopt his niece's husband. The bench of Justices Sanjay Karol and N. Kotiswar Singh set aside concurrent findings of three lower courts and ruled in favour of the nearest male agnate's right to inherit. Facts of the Case The dispute centred on the property of one Sukhu Oraon, who had three sons: Dhungru

The Supreme Court on July 9, 2026, dismissed appeals filed by the suspended director of Parsvnath Developers Ltd, affirming that once a financial debt and default are established under the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC), 2016, settlement negotiations between the parties cannot be used as a ground to stall or defer the admission of a Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process (CIRP). Background of the Dispute ARCIL, the assignee of Sammaan Capital's claim of approximately R

If you no longer need your domestic LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) connection, you can surrender it to your oil marketing company and claim a refund of the security deposit paid for the cylinder and regulator. This guide covers the step-by-step process for surrendering connections with Indian Oil (Indane), Bharat Petroleum (Bharat Gas), and Hindustan Petroleum (HP Gas), including the documents required, refund timeline, and the recent changes for PNG consumers. When Should You

A Vehicle Fitness Certificate (FC) is an official document issued by the Regional Transport Office (RTO) confirming that a vehicle is roadworthy and safe to operate on public roads. Under the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988, certain categories of vehicles must obtain and periodically renew this certificate. This guide explains who needs a fitness certificate, how to apply, the inspection process, and the applicable fees. Who Needs a Vehicle Fitness Certificate The fitness certificat

Noise pollution is regulated in India primarily through the Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000, framed under the Environment Protection Act, 1986. Citizens affected by excessive noise have multiple channels to file complaints and seek relief. This guide covers the permissible noise limits, where and how to file a complaint, and the legal remedies available if the authorities fail to act. Permissible Noise Levels Under CPCB Rules The Central Pollution Control

A review petition is a legal remedy available under Article 137 of the Constitution and Order XLVII of the Supreme Court Rules, 2013, allowing a party to seek reconsideration of a judgment or order passed by the Supreme Court. This guide explains the grounds on which a review petition can be filed, the procedure to follow, the applicable time limit, and how the Court decides such petitions. Legal Basis for Review Petitions Article 137 of the Constitution grants the Supreme Co

Government employees in India are required to obtain a No Objection Certificate (NOC) from their employer before applying for a passport. This NOC, typically issued in Annexure G or Annexure M format, confirms that the employer has no objection to the employee obtaining a passport. This guide explains the step-by-step process, the documents required, and the legal framework governing this requirement. When Is a Police NOC Required for Passport A Police NOC (more accurately, a