Sansa Law Desk

A private limited company is the most popular structure for startups and growing businesses in India because it offers limited liability, a separate legal identity and easier access to funding. Registering one is now a fully online process through the SPICe+ form on the Ministry of Corporate Affairs portal, under the Companies Act, 2013. This guide walks through the requirements, the documents and the steps, from obtaining digital signatures to receiving the certificate of in

The Supreme Court has held that bail conditions requiring an accused person to clean police station premises are abhorrent, degrading and unknown to law, and it has declared such conditions null and void. Taking suo motu cognisance of orders passed by courts in Odisha, a bench led by the Chief Justice of India found that the conditions were not only unlawful but also carried a troubling suggestion of caste-based bias, since many of the affected accused were from Adivasi and D

The Reserve Bank of India's Monetary Policy Committee kept the policy repo rate unchanged at 5.25 percent in its June 2026 review, while retaining a neutral policy stance. The decision, announced on 5 June 2026 by Governor Sanjay Malhotra, marked the third consecutive review in which the rate was held steady, as the central bank balanced inflation risks against the need to support growth. For households, the repo rate is not an abstract number. It influences the interest rate

The Supreme Court has clarified an important question for the mining sector: when the royalty rate on a mineral is increased by the Central Government, which rate applies to minerals that were won earlier but dispatched later. In Director of Mines and Geology v. BMM Ispat Ltd (2026 INSC 627), decided on 4 June 2026, the Court held that royalty under the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957 must be paid at the rate in force on the date the minerals are act

The Supreme Court has delivered an important ruling on the proviso to Section 223(1) of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023, holding that the right of a proposed accused to be heard before a Magistrate takes cognizance of a complaint is mandatory and not a mere formality. In Parvinder Singh v. Directorate of Enforcement (2026 INSC 519), the Court ruled that taking cognizance without first giving the accused this opportunity renders the order void ab initio, meaning v

Digital arrest scams have become one of the most damaging forms of cyber fraud in India, and the Supreme Court has now stepped in with a series of directions aimed at protecting victims and fixing institutional accountability. Hearing a suo motu matter, a bench led by the Chief Justice of India described these frauds in strong terms and pressed the Union government, the Reserve Bank of India and other regulators to build a coordinated response. The case has put a spotlight on

Aadhaar misuse is a growing worry for Indian residents, with reports of identity fraud, unauthorised SIM cards, and bank accounts opened using stolen Aadhaar details. The good news is that the Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) provides free tools to detect and prevent misuse: you can check exactly where your Aadhaar has been used, lock your biometrics so that nobody can authenticate with your fingerprints or iris, and file complaints through dedicated channels.

An encumbrance certificate is one of the most important documents in any Indian property transaction. Issued by the Sub-Registrar's office, the encumbrance certificate (EC) lists the registered transactions affecting a property over a chosen period, allowing a buyer or lender to verify that the property has a traceable chain of ownership and is free from registered claims such as mortgages. Banks insist on an EC before sanctioning a home loan, and careful buyers obtain one be

Filing a complaint with the RBI Banking Ombudsman is free, fully online, and often the most effective remedy when a bank, NBFC, or payment service provider fails to resolve your grievance. The Reserve Bank Integrated Ombudsman Scheme (RB-IOS), 2021 brought banks, non-banking financial companies, and payment system participants under a single ombudsman mechanism with the principle of one nation, one ombudsman. This guide explains who can complain, the mandatory first step with

Money sent to a wrong UPI ID is one of the most common digital payment problems in India, and recovery is possible if you act fast and follow the correct escalation chain. Whether you mistyped a UPI handle, scanned the wrong QR code, or picked the wrong contact, the law and the payment system provide a defined route: your own bank first, then the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI), and finally the Reserve Bank of India's ombudsman mechanism. This guide sets out the

Knowing how to withdraw PF online saves weeks of paperwork and follow-up. The Employees' Provident Fund is the largest retirement savings pool for salaried Indians, and the Employees' Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO) now processes most withdrawal claims through its online member portal and the UMANG app. This guide explains who can withdraw, which form applies to your situation, the step-by-step online claim process, the documents you need, how long settlement takes, and th

Promotion rules for government employees have produced one of the most litigated questions in Indian service law: when recruitment rules change, should existing vacancies be filled under the old rules or the new ones? The Supreme Court has now answered with a clear statement of principle. In Jagdish Prasad and Others v P M Manoj Kumar and Others, reported as 2026 LiveLaw (SC) 596 and decided on May 27, 2026, a bench of Justice Pankaj Mithal and Justice S V N Bhatti held that

The Telangana Advocates Protection Act, 2026 has come into force with effect from June 2, 2026, making Telangana one of the few Indian states with a dedicated statute protecting advocates from violence, intimidation, and false implication in criminal cases. The Telangana Legislative Assembly had cleared the Advocates Protection Bill on March 30, 2026, and the state government has now notified its commencement. The development follows a period of heightened concern within the

Selling a minor's property in India requires the prior permission of a court, and the Supreme Court has now clarified how courts should evaluate such requests. In Shephali Chakraborty v State of West Bengal, 2026 INSC 621, decided on June 3, 2026, the Supreme Court held that courts examining a natural guardian's application under Section 8 of the Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act, 1956 must undertake a realistic assessment of whether the proposed transaction offers an evide

The Supreme Court has upheld state laws banning online money gaming, holding that legislation prohibiting online games played for stakes is traceable to the public order entry of the State List under the Constitution. In State of Tamil Nadu v Junglee Games India Pvt Ltd, 2026 INSC 594, decided on May 27, 2026, a bench of Justice J B Pardiwala and Justice R Mahadevan upheld laws enacted by Tamil Nadu and Karnataka that prohibit online games such as rummy, poker, and fantasy sp